Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficient production of thyroid hormones, leading to metabolic slowing and multisystem clinical manifestations. It affects individuals of all age groups, with higher prevalence in women and the elderly. The most common causes include autoimmune thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, thyroid surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, and certain medications. Diagnosis is primarily based on elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels with decreased free thyroxine (T4) in overt cases, while subclinical hypothyroidism presents with elevated TSH and normal T4 levels. The mainstay of management is oral levothyroxine replacement therapy, which aims to normalize TSH levels, relieve symptoms, and prevent long-term complications such as cardiovascular disease, infertility, and myxedema coma. Treatment dosage should be individualized based on age, body weight, comorbid conditions, and pregnancy status. Special attention is required in pregnant women, children, and elderly patients to ensure optimal outcomes and avoid complications. In addition to pharmacological treatment, patient education, proper drug administration, lifestyle modification, and regular monitoring are essential components of effective management. With early diagnosis, appropriate therapy, and regular follow-up, most patients with hypothyroidism can achieve normal thyroid function and maintain a good quality of life.
